Lab report for synthesis of polystyrene Essay Example

Lab report for union of polystyrene Essay Example Lab report for union of polystyrene Paper Lab report for union of polystyrene Paper 6-hexadecimal, Noah(s), 5% sebaceous chloride in hexane, chilly acidic corrosive, concentrated HOSES, cotton balls, acidic anhydride, CHICHI Procedure: For the blend of polystyrene, 10 ml styrene and 20 ml of 1 M Noah arrangement was put in separators pipe and they were concealed for a few times. Fluid layer was disposed of. The styrene layer was washed with water and dried with Cacao(s). The styrene was set in 100 ml flagon and 25 ml xylem and 7-8 drops of the t-butyl probationer was included. The response blend was refluxed for 30 minutes. The arrangement was cooled to room temperature. Half of the blend was filled a measuring glass with 100 ml methanol. The white accelerate was gathered utilizing attractions filtration and dried. A modest quantity of outstanding polystyrene arrangement was poured onto a watch glass to watch the film. For the amalgamation of nylon 6, 10, 10 ml of a 5% was bound in a 50 ml measuring glass. One pellet Noah was added with twirling to break up. 10 ml of 5% sebaceous chloride in hexane was added cautiously to the measuring utencil. The interface (Nylon 6,1 0) was pulled out among natural and fluid layer with a twisted spatula. The layers were then blended enthusiastically to acquire a chunk of nylon and dried. For the blend of cellulose, 5 ml of frigid acidic corrosive, 1 drop of con. HOSES and 1 Goff cotton balls was included was included a halted funnel shaped flagon kept up at 70-ICC water shower for 20 minutes. Acidic anhydride (5 ml) as then added to the re-plug jar and was put in water shower with once in a while mixing for 20 min. 15 drops water was added to the cup and the unstopped carafe was set in water shower for 5 min. 50 ml water was added to the arrangement. Cellulose triplicate was gathered by attractions filtration which was washed with water. 18 ml CHICHI and 2 ml methanol were blended and warmed to a bubble. Cellulose triplicate was added to acquire soaked arrangement and the container was expelled from heat. Some anhydrous Nassau was included. The arrangement was separated onto a water glass delivering a film from the surface. Result and Discussion: For section A (blend of polystyrene), two layers were seen when styrene and Noah(aqua) were added to a separators pipe for extraction. The upper layer was yellow and lower layer was dreary. Same outcome was seen when washing with water. During the reflux, arrangement was changed from light yellow to lackluster. After reflux, a major white hasten was framed when methanol was included. The item was followed on the outside of channel paper during attractions filtration. From the watch glass, a dreary film of polystyrene was watched. For part B (blend of Nylon 6, 10), when sebaceous chloride was added to Noah in 1, 6-hexadecimal, two layers was produced with little gas. Little warmth was likewise delivered. The interface between natural layer and fluid layer was smooth. The nylon 6, 10 was white strands. For part C (union of cellulose triplicate), after acidic anhydride was added to the blend and warmed by water shower for 20 miss, the cotton balls were broken up to orange-earthy colored arrangement. The white accelerates were delivered after 1 5 drops of water for hydrolysis were included. Subsequent to including around 50 ml of water, he white-dark cellulose triplicate accelerates were produced. After cellulose triplicate was added to the blend of CHICHI and methanol, the arrangement changed from vapid to pale earthy colored. After some anhydrous Nassau were included, the arrangement became like paste. The white film was created from the surface when the arrangement was sifted. To a limited extent A (polystyrene), Noah was added to expel inhibitor from styrene so as to experience radical component. It is on the grounds that so as to keep the styrene from advocating during stockpiling, the concoction 4-decorative liners is included pleasant it is an extreme inhibitor (otherwise called a decent chain eliminator). A few inhibitors might be polar which can be broken down in Noah. Water was then added to expel overabundance Noah in the arrangement. Xylem was added as a dissolvable to break up polystyrene as them two are natural. Be that as it may, the polystyrene can't be disintegrated in methanol so after that some methanol was included during test, the white polystyrene was accelerated out. The lackluster clear film followed on the channel paper showed up in light of the fact that promotion happens making the arrangement thicken and the thickness to increment. Blend of polystyrene: The development of radical initiator: Overall: Styrene polystyrene t-butyl probationer goes about as radical initiator since it contains - 0-0-bunch which is truly shaky and receptive. Polystyrene was framed a huge atoms (styrene) made out of rehashing auxiliary units. Blend of Nylon 6, 10: The manufactured polymers are ordered by their technique for amalgamation. The engineered technique for polystyrene is chain-development while that of nylon is step-development. When blending Noah and sebaceous chloride, two layers were shaped. During the chopping out, the warmth was delivered. The development of warmth is because of the arrangement of amide bond, which is exothermic. The nylon 6, 10 was shaped in the interface which was smooth. In light of the manner in which polypeptides are framed, nylon would appear to be restricted to unbranded, straight chains. The nylon 6,10 can shape H-bond because of amide gathering so the material is extreme. Cellulose triplicate, likewise referred to just as triplicate, CAT and TACT, is fabricated from cellulose and a wellspring of acetic acid derivation esters, ordinarily acidic anhydride. The triplicate is gotten from cellulose which originate from the beginning preliminary, cotton balls in this investigation, through actuation component. The cellulose acetic acid derivation is broken down in a blend of deceleration and methanol for turning. Cellulose is chiefly acquired from wood mash and cotton. For the procedure of age of cellulose triplicate, the cold acidic corrosive and con. HOSES were utilized to give acidic medium to the activity of acidic anhydride. While including acidic anhydride, the cotton balls were broken up into earthy colored paste arrangement. It is on the grounds that actuation happened.

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social Diversity - Essay Example Thusly, these issues should be settled at administrative just as individual level. The United States has had a broad history of decent variety. Decent variety has penetrated in each part of the general public of United State and there is no indication of it getting diminished. The new marvel which I learnt is the essential explanation of social assorted variety, which is Immigration. Relocation of individuals from everywhere throughout the world has made America the most broadened nation ever. Individuals from each network, nation and state are living in America. The social history of United States tells that the nation has never been such a great amount of differing until the most recent two decades. From the previous 20 years, United States has experienced a few difficulties in making do with decent variety. Powerlessness to comprehend the expanded social dialects, ceremonies, convictions and legacy has become a significant snag in the method of incorporation. Direction of assorted variety incorporates cooperation, experience and individual comprehension with different culture. In the previous hardly any decades, a huge number of individuals relocated to America in the hunt of better life, employment and security. Relocations of a large number of individuals including Asians, Hispanics, African-American has caused extraordinary assorted variety in the conditions of America. As per a urban humanist, Robert Lang, by 2050, Americans would think back and feel that it wouldn’t be a serious deal to control the migration and decent variety debates. A demographer at Brookings Institution, William Frey, says that by taking a gander at the present circumstance, the number of inhabitants in white individuals in next twenty years can't be valued. As per his forecasts, there are more noteworthy possibilities for America in future to have populace containing all ethnicities and races. The domain of decent variety in United States keeps on developing as the time passes on. The reasons because of which experts are worried to the issue of

Essential Information About Seroquel (Quetiapine)

Essential Information About Seroquel (Quetiapine) Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Seroquel (Quetiapine) Essential Information By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 14, 2014 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 15, 2019 Wikimedia Commons More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Seroquel â€" generic quetiapine fumarate â€" is classed as an atypical antipsychotic medication. It is used to treat psychotic symptoms of such illnesses like schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, including hallucinations, delusions, catatonia, and paranoia. It is also approved for use in treating acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder with or without psychotic features and has some antidepressant effects. Seroquel may be used adjunctively with Lithium or Depakote in the therapy of acute mania. Drug Warnings and Complications Treatment with Seroquel is associated with the risk of some serious complications. These include: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS), a potentially fatal illness whose symptoms include high fever, muscle rigidity, profuse sweating, and dark urine. Read more: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.Tardive Dyskinesia, a movement disorder that may not go away unless treated promptly. Symptoms include uncontrolled movements of the lips and tongue.  High blood sugar and diabetes. Patients who have diabetes mellitus or have risk factors such as obesity and family history of diabetes should have fasting blood glucose tests before beginning treatment with Seroquel and at regular intervals during treatment. Rare but Significant Side Effects In 1% or fewer of patients taking Seroquel in clinical trials, the following were reported: CataractsSeizuresUnderactive thyroidElevated cholesterol and triglycerides Also, patients may experience sleepiness and impaired motor control (difficulty walking, etc.) especially at the beginning of treatment with Seroquel. The usual warning about not driving or operating heavy machinery is important with this medication. Black Box Warning Regarding Elderly Patients Seroquel carries the standard black box warning required for all antipsychotics regarding the increased risk of death in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding It is recommended that Seroquel treatment is discontinued during pregnancy. Women taking Seroquel should not breastfeed their infants. Other Cautions and Warnings Do not drink alcoholic beverages while taking Seroquel.Avoid overheating and dehydrationSeroquel is not approved for pediatric usePatients with liver disease should start at the lowest dose (25 mg) and increase the dosage slowly Most Common Side Effects Weight GainSleepinessHeadacheDizzinessDrop in blood pressure upon standingDry mouthConstipationDizzinessWeaknessUpset stomach

What are Aseptic Techniques - 1230 Words

Introduction Aseptic techniques were practised by microbiologists in order to eliminate unwanted microorganisms in their working environment, protecting those microbiologists from the potential pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the contaminations of microorganisms to the working environment (Henretig King, 2008). One of the ways for practising of aseptic technique is the sterilization of lab equipment such as glassware; liquids such as diluents can be sterilize using the autoclave machine, which using moist heat or saturated steam for sterilization (Henretig King, 2008). The moist heat autoclave machine uses steam as an agent of sterilization. It is ideal for the elimination of bacterial spores than using dry heat. The bacterial spores of bacillus stearothermophilus using in this experiment is a thermophilic bacterium in which it’s range of optimum temperature of 55-60 °C; when the autoclave machine was set to a temperature of 121 °C, pressure of 101kPa and it was operated for 15 minutes . Thus, the bacterial spores can be destroyed and eliminated in such conditions in the autoclave machine (Parija, 2009). The complete sterilization can be achieved if the parameters of the autoclave were followed. During the autoclaving process, bacteria were exposed to high temperature generated by the autoclave machine, high pressure was produced in order to produce a high saturated steam. The steam produced is expanded by the water volume of 785 times, thus a little volume ofShow MoreRelatedreflection on aseptic technique Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Reflective Log – Aseptic Technique In this reflection I am going to discuss a procedure that I have carried out whilst I have been on placement and the importance of infection control using the Aspetic Non Touch Technique (ANTT). The procedure I am going to discuss is a dressing change to a leg ulcer which took place during a routine home visit with the community nurse. I am going to use Gibbs Model of Reflection (1988), to reflect on the experience and evaluate my thoughts and feelings of theRead MoreEssay on Aseptic Technique Culturing Microbes1267 Words   |  6 PagesAseptic Technique Culturing Microbes Questions A. What is the difference between a bactericidal and bacteriostatic agent? What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection? 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How Insulin Was Discovered

The experiment that led to the initial discovery of insulin—the hormone manufactured in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood—almost didn’t happen. How Insulin Almost Wasnt Discovered For years scientists have suspected that the secret to controlling elevated levels of glucose lay in the inner reaches of the pancreas. And when, in 1920, a Canadian surgeon named Frederick Banting approached the head of the University of Toronto’s physiology department with an idea about finding that secret, he was initially rebuffed. Banting suspected a mysterious hormone was being produced in a section of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans. He theorized that the hormone was getting destroyed by the pancreas’ digestive juices. If he could shut down the pancreas but keep the islets of Langerhans working, he might find the missing substance. Fortunately, Banting’s persuasive powers prevailed and department head John McLeod gave him lab space, 10 Langerhans hormone before it could be isolated. If he could stop the pancreas from working, but keep the islets of Langerhans going, he should be able to find the stuff!  experimental dogs, and a medical student assistant named Charles Best. By August of 1921, Banting and Best succeeded in extracting hormones from the islets of Langerhans—which they called insulin after the Latin word for island. When they injected the insulin into dogs with high blood sugar levels, those levels dropped quickly. With McLeod now taking an interest, the men worked quickly to duplicate the results and then set about running a test on a human subject, 14-year-old Leonard Thompson, who saw his blood sugar levels lower and his urine cleared of sugars. The team published there findings in 1923 and Banting and McLeod were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine (Banting shared his award money with Best).  On June 3, 1934,  Banting was knighted for his medical discovery. He was killed in an air crash in 1941.

Explain the process of counseling in detail Free Essays

The initial interview describes the first contact with the client who is the individual in need of counselling. It completes the intake process, a sort of admission of the client into the formalities of counselling. Importance of the Initial Interview: The initial interview is of much importance for several reasons: 1) It helps the counsellor get to know the client better, and make appropriate plan for intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the process of counseling in detail or any similar topic only for you Order Now These plans include taking up the client for counselling or referring the client to another, appropriate, treatment service. 2) It helps the client to get to know the counsellor etter, and to obtain reassurance and even crisis support, when necessary. 3) It affords the counsellor the opportunity to explain the nature and goals of counselling, and to agree upon the practical arrangements for counselling with the client. In short, the initial interview will help the client and the counsellor to begin the process of understanding and accepting one another. The initial interview normally should proceed along the following lines: 1) Statement of the problem in clear, unambiguous terms 2) Systematic evaluation of the problem, its causes and its effects 3) Identification of circularity 4) Feedback to the client 5) Evaluation of the client’s motivation for counselling 6) Clarification of expectations 7) Setting of goals 8) Establishing a contract 9) Making the practical arrangements for counselling. Let us examine each of these steps that will enable us to actually understand the process involved. Statement of the problem in Clear, Unambiguous Terms More frequently, their thoughts are muddled, and heavily laden with emotional content. Clients do not say, â€Å"l am anxious†, or â€Å"l am depressed†. Instead, they frequently commence with an account of what happened, where and when and how. Often, a client comes for counselling because he has been compelled to do so by a family member, friend, or well-wisher. Such clients are, more often than not, unlikely to cooperate whole-heartedly with counselling. Clients sometimes have difficulties in complying with the practical arrangements for counselling; for example, they may reside too far away, or may not be able to obtain leave from work. A greater problem, however, is that many clients are unwilling to make the personal or life-style changes that are necessary if they are to benefit from counselling. For . example, a husband, ho is convinced that all his problems originate in his wife’s behaviour, may not be willing to accept that he is responsible in many ways for them, and that he needs to make certain changes in his attitudes and behaviour if his marriage is to survive. Or, while a drug addict may realize that his addiction is ruining his life, he may not be willing to give up the company of the friends who are encouraging him in his deviant habits. It is important that the client realizes that the counsellor can only facilitate change; the client must make the primary effort. Breaking maladaptative habits is difficult. Making life-style changes is difficult. The client must be willing to make the necessary efforts with the guidance of the counsellor. It is important, for several reasons, to assess motivations that led the client to seek counselling. If the counsellor understands that the client is poorly motivated for counselling, he can provide an appropriate feedback to the client. Then, in consultation with the client, he can arrive at a pragmatic decision concerning whether or not to proceed with counselling. If a client shows poor motivation and the counsellor decides not to go ahead with counselling, he saves for himself, and his client, a lot oftime. He also saves himself a lot of heartburn; had he proceeded with therapy, and had the client shown poor progress, he would in all likelihood have blamed himself, or questioned his competence. If a client shows poor motivation and the counsellor does decide to proceed with therapy, he would probably set far more modest goals than he would have had the client been more motivated. It may be noted here that the evaluation of motivation is an ongoing process. A client may begin counselling enthusiastically but may later weaken his resolve when he realizes what behavioural changes are necessary. Clarification of Expectations The counsellor needs to find out what the client expects from counselling. Some clients tend to believe that once they tell the counsellor their problems, it is the counsellor’s responsibility (and not their own) to fmd the solutions. Some clients believe that the counsellor will magically work out solutions for problems that have existed for years. The counsellor should, right from the early stages of counselling, put his client on guard against unreasonable expectations, such as expectations of dramatic cures, total cures, one-sided compromises, etc. From a practical perspective, t is imperative to ascertain what the client believes will occur during counselling. Some clients believe that the counsellor will put them on a couch and psychoanalyze them. Other clients believe that the counsellor will ask questions about their childhood. Doubts, misconceptions and myths that clients come with should, General goals of counselling are to reduce emotional distress, to reduce dysfunctional behaviour, to promote adaptation, to develop potentials, and to assist in decision-making. After obtaining a general understanding of the client’s problems and expectations, specific goals of therapy need to be set. The counsellor needs to guide the client in the setting of specific goals because the client is quite likely to be uncertain of what may be expected from counselling. Such goals are best explicitly stated as specific emotional and behavioural changes that are acceptable and desirable to the client and to society. Thus, an ethical element exists in all goal- setting exercises. It is important to break down important goals into their logical sub- components or sub-goals, which, by virtue of such identification, are more easily tackled. For example, when engaging in marital counselling, goals may be stated as follows: 1) Mrs. A should feel less depressed. 2) Mr. Mrs. A should improve their understanding and cooperation on the following issues: a) Disciplining of their children; b) Distribution of household responsibilities; c) Sex d) Relationship with the in-laws etc. Stating goals in such a specific manner may generate a long, laundry-like list; however, there is no bar to the number of goals as long as all the goals are specific, clearly defined, reasonable, and attainable. How to cite Explain the process of counseling in detail, Essays

Masters in Business Management

Question: What is the procedure of benchmarking a business? Answer: Petuskiene and Glinskiene (2015) have stated that benchmarking a business is a procedure of measuring the performance against similar-sized business in the operating industry. It can be stated that the benchmarking provides essential information regarding how an organization can enhance the overall business. Therefore, it can be opined that benchmarking is a dimension of the superiority of the company rules, products, approaches and programs along with their strong contrast with the standard dimensions or comparable measurements of its peers. Rolstadas (2012) has mentioned the objectives of the benchmarking and the first one is to decide what and where the developments are called for and secondly to investigate how other companies accomplish their elevated performance levels. Most importantly, benchmarking is largely used to use this information in order to enhance performance. Zhu (2014) has mentioned in his research work that benchmarking is one of the procedures of recognizing the best practices in sole relation to both the product as well as the processes by which those products are created and delivered. In this part, it can be stated that the application of benchmarking takes into account four major keys steps and these are like thoughtful in detail existing commerce procedure and then evaluating the industry procedures of others. The third step takes into account comparing own business presentation with that of others analyzed and the last step focuses on implementing the steps necessary to close the performance gap. Therefore, it can be stated that all the companies are required to focus on benchmarking, as this enhances the performance by recognizing as well as applying the best demonstrated practices to the operations and the sales (Productivity Commission 2012). Rolstadas (2013) has stated that Six Sigma is an inclusive as well as elastic scheme for attaining, supporting as well as improving the business success. It can be stated that the six sigma model is exclusively determined by a close understanding of the consumer requirements, regulation use of the facts, statistics as well as statistical analysis and industrious attention towards managing, improving as well as reinventing the entire business procedure. Therefore, it can be stated that the Six Sigma procedure is based on the notion that procedure difference can be reduced utilizing the statistical tools. Apart from discussing this Six Sigma, it can be stated that it is required to focus on lean as well because this is the major part of this methodology. It can be stated that lean is a set of tools developed in order to reduce the waste connected with the flow of the resources as well as information in a well-designed process from beginning towards the end. However, it can be stated th at the objective of lean is to recognize and eliminate the non-essential and non-valued added steps in the business procedure in order to streamline production, enhance quality as well as increase consumer faithfulness (Hong et al. 2012). Bruneel et al. (2012) have argued that Lean methods can be employed inside the DMAIC structure to supplement Six Sigma apparatus when the projects concentration is to enhance process speed and competence. Therefore, in a nutshell, it can be stated that the Lean Six Sigma is a proper combination of the two influential procedure enhancement techniques and these are lean and Six Sigma. After analyzing the nature of the Lean Six Sigma, it can be stated that Lean Six Sigma methodology is one of the effective and integrated approach to the business problem solving. It can be seen that the Lean and Six Sigma model is useful for the companies in order to achieve the breakthroughs in the quality and the cost reduction. It is helpful in reducing as well eliminating time-based inefficiencies in the transactional processes. It is beneficial in achieving both the bottom line and the soft cost savings. It is required to communicate the worth of the Lean Six Sigma procedure developments to put on buy-in from the higher administration and the employees. Moreover, it has been seen that used Lean and Six Sigma model helps the organizations to overcome the barriers to process optimization (Mousa 2013). Research works have stated that Lean Six Sigma is generally intended to enhance the superiority of the procedure outputs by searching and eliminating the reasons of mistakes and the difference inside the existing commerce procedure, especially in the manufacturing and the commerce divisions. Therefore, it can be stated that this allows the businesses to make sure proper efficiency in their procedures, decrease cycle times and enhance customer service. This particular approach has two major points. The first one is delighting the customers with speed and quality. The other one in this part is improving the entire business process flow and speeds (Hilton and Sohal 2012). Antony et al. (2012) have mentioned in his research work that lean is a production procedure with the major principle of protecting worth with less work. Therefore, it can be stated that operations that fall short to generate worth for the end customer are estimated extravagant. Eliminating waste and surplus procedures reduce the entire creation time of the company and the overall costs. It can be stated that the strengths of lean is its fast accomplishment and the immediate benefits related to the productivity, reduction of error along with customer lead times. In case of the small and the big organizations, long-standing benefits count enhancements to the financial performance along with the customer satisfaction and morale of the employees. Besides lean, Six Sigma concentrates on defects from variation. Many leading and the successful companies like Motorola uses Six Sigma model (Pyzdek and Keller 2014). Additionally, it can be stated that Six Sigma model is one of the powerful techniques for searching the main reasons of the imperfections. Motorola has developed realistic ways to utilize this hypothesis of Six Sigma for achieving 10-fold improvement in quality, cost and the services in the five years. Six Sigma is an association arrangement for the overall and the continuous improvement that takes into account Champions, Black Belts and the Green Belts. Properly mixed with a focus on emphasizing projects based on the financial and the customer impact, Six Sigma can easily convert a culture through incessant enhancement (Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof 2013). It can be stated that in the recent years, most of the big companies have been successfully using Six Sigma Methodology in order to decrease the overall mistakes along with extreme cycle times, disorganized procedures and the overruns of costs connected to the monetary reporting schemes. In this part, focus would be shed on a case study that is related to the ongoing Account Reconciliation Enhancement Project conducted by the finance subdivision of a main U.S. defense supplier. The major aim of the scheme was to rationalize as well as stabilize the establishment and the upholding of costing and planning for all business activities within the present financial management procedure. The Six Sigma accomplishment resulted in an important lessening in the standard cycle time and cost, per unit of movement and required to manufacture the requisite economic reports (Assarlind et al. 2013). Reports state the fact that in the year 1987, Motorola was one of the leading companies that developed and prearranged the particular Six Sigma development Methodology to gain the world class presentation along with entire consumer satisfaction and quality. From that specified time, it can be seen that minimum 25% of the Fortune 200, counting Motorola, General Electric, Boeing, Ford, Toyota, Kodak. Bank of America and some other leading organizations implemented a Six Sigma Program. After implementing this model in the organizational procedure, most of these companies claimed that this model significantly enhanced the overall profitability of the organization. For example, it can be stated the General Electric in the year 1998, claimed the reimbursement of $1.2 billion and the costs of $450 million, for their net benefits of $750 million. Like General Electric, Allied Signal as well reported that the Six Sigma model has reported that this has been one of the major factors in reaching the cost of $1.5 billion in the predictable investments. Six Sigma has as well facilitated Honeywell to decrease the expansion time requisite to the design Web sites by 84% for its specialty resources (Manville et al. 2012). However, Habidin and Yusof (2012) have stated that the Six Sigma has been defined as one of the effective management strategy for enhancing the product and the process quality. On the other hand, some have stated the fact that it is a numerical term mostly used to measure the process variations and this model works to systematically manage the variations and at the same time eliminate the defects. It is required to mention that practical prop up places like economics, bookkeeping, human resources, marketing, procurement as well as trade have not kept proper pace with the manufacturing in implementing the Six Sigma agendas. After implementing this model in the business process, it can be stated that near about 14% of the public dealing companies have inefficient interior controls that results in output errors, inefficient process and the cost overruns (De Mast and Lokkerbol 2012). The research paper has stated that the Six Sigma is used in the Sales and Marketing and Accounting and Finance and the result is positive enough in this regards. However, it can be stated that most of the research works have tried to assess the impact of Six Sigma on the overall financial performance that have taken place at the aggregate industry level of analyzes. But in reality, it can be seen that very few actual cases have been reported of the impact of Six Sigma on the finance process itself (De Mast and Lokkerbol 2012). At the core of the Six Sigma Model, there exist a model named DMAIC and these are Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control. It can be stated that each of the DMAIC phases has clear objectives as well as tasks along with the proven techniques. From several reports, it has already been found that Six Sigma model originated from Motorola and after that, several companies adopted this model called General Electric. In this part focus would be shed on implementing Six Sigma in the small scale businesses. The company was plagued with declining productivity and to deal with the situation carefully, the management of the company used the DMAIC model that divided the project in the following parts (Habidin and Yusof 2012). The define phrase is self-explanatory and in this phase, the project team created a process map and SIPOC diagram, i.e. Supplier, Input, Process, Output and Consumers for the bushing manufacturing process. The next stage, which is the Measure phrase, the management team of the company gathers data regarding the process. This procedure is not as much straightforward as it looks though. Initially, the management of the corporation required to ensure that one can trust the fetched data by conducting a measurement system analysis. After this Measure phase, comes the Analysis phase and the responsible team then applied a variety of data analysis instruments, utilizing Minitab Statistical Software. For that, firstly, it is required to conduct a process capability analysis and the other effective tool is Z.bench score. At the time of incorporating this model, it is necessary enough to understand the culture of the organization. It is required to analyze that the employees in the organizatio n are whether individualistic or collaborative (Assarlind et al. 2013). Apart from that, it is necessary to gain more clarity with the software tools, as the homegrown or something like Minitab helps a company to analyze the graphs challenges statistically. Some have advised that it is required to commit the necessary times, staffs and the resources. In order to do that, the company is required to point a person inside the organization who has a specified strategic viewpoint on the concerned business. Above all, it can be stated that focus must be on the customers, as any improvement process is designed to enhance the customer satisfaction (Rolstadas 2012). Based on the benchmark, the company is required to focus on incorporating the Lean Six Sigma Model for the overall enhancement of the business process. References Antony, J., Krishan, N., Cullen, D. and Kumar, M., 2012. Lean Six Sigma for higher education institutions (HEIs) Challenges, barriers, success factors, tools/techniques.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,61(8), pp.940-948. Assarlind, M., Gremyr, I. and Bckman, K., 2013. Multi-faceted views on a Lean Six Sigma application.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,30(4), pp.387-402. Bruneel, J., Ratinho, T., Clarysse, B. and Groen, A., 2012. The Evolution of Business Incubators: Comparing demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations.Technovation,32(2), pp.110-121. De Mast, J. and Lokkerbol, J., 2012. An analysis of the Six Sigma DMAIC method from the perspective of problem solving.International Journal of Production Economics,139(2), pp.604-614. Fadly Habidin, N. and Mohd Yusof, S.R., 2013. Critical success factors of Lean Six Sigma for the Malaysian automotive industry.International Journal of Lean Six Sigma,4(1), pp.60-82. Habidin, N.F. and Yusof, S.M., 2012. Relationship between lean six sigma, environmental management systems, and organizational performance in the Malaysian automotive industry.International Journal of Automotive Technology,13(7), pp.1119-1125. Hilton, R.J. and Sohal, A., 2012. A conceptual model for the successful deployment of Lean Six Sigma.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,29(1), pp.54-70. Hong, P., Hong, S.W., Jungbae Roh, J. and Park, K., 2012. Evolving benchmarking practices: a review for research perspectives.Benchmarking: An International Journal,19(4/5), pp.444-462. Manville, G., Greatbanks, R., Krishnasamy, R. and Parker, D.W., 2012. Critical success factors for Lean Six Sigma programmes: a view from middle management.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,29(1), pp.7-20. Mousa, A., 2013. Lean six sigma Model.International journal of Scientific Engineering research,4(5), pp.1154-1162. Petuskiene, E. and Glinskiene, R., 2015. Entrepreneurship as the basic element for the successful employment of benchmarking and business innovations.Engineering Economics,22(1), pp.69-77. Productivity Commission, 2012. Performance benchmarking of Australian business regulation: planning, zoning and development assessments.SSRN Working Paper Series. Pyzdek, T. and Keller, P.A., 2014.The six sigma handbook(p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education. Rolstadas, A. ed., 2012.Performance management: A business process benchmarking approach. Springer Science Business Media. Rolstadas, A. ed., 2013.Benchmarkingtheory and practice. Springer. Zhu, J., 2014.Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer.

The Social Significance of Advertising Essay Sample free essay sample

Potter ( 1954 ) . points out that advertisement non merely has economical effects but can besides determine peoples’ values: â€Å"The most of import effects of this powerful establishment are non upon economic sciences of our distribution system ; but they are upon the values of our society. If the economic consequence is to do the buyer like what he buys. the societal consequence. in a parallel broader sense. is to do the person like what he gets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Berger. 2000. p. 27 ) This statement emphasises that the impact of advertisement media does puts force per unit area non merely on consumers to buy trade goods. but the impact of these exposures are much far more brooding on such consumers’ general consciousness. individualities. belief systems. and societies and civilization in general. Reinforcing Potter’s work. advertisement media has been criticised for â€Å"unintentionally transfusing a sense of insufficiency upon women’s self concept† . ( Martin. 2005. p. 391 ) and many argue that the mass media play a portion in reenforcing a preoccupation with physical attraction ( see both Poltarnees ( 1994 ) and Reed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Significance of Advertising Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page et Al. ( 2004 ) ) . Pringle ( 2004. p. 53 ) adds that the advertisement industry creates idealized stereotypes that in some manner forces adult females to populate up to. and makes adult females experience dissatisfied with the manner they are and has gone every bit far as stating that. â€Å"much of human behavior. and specifically buying. can be attributed to the desire to better presentation and desirability† . In support of this. Wan ( 2003 ) believes that females begin to tie in their ego worth with their ego perceived attraction. and visual aspect has become an of import constituent of their individuality. Past research has shown that when participants are exposed to images of attractive theoretical accounts they tend to hit their self-esteem lower than if exposed to images of less attractive theoretical accounts ( Wan. 2003 ) . These surveies suggest that media exposure of glamourous people may reenforce negative self-pride. Seno ( 2005 ) considers that adult females are progressively subjected to coerce to look good groomed and maintain certain degrees of visual aspect and this force per unit area is filtered through the media. However Black ( 2004 ) argues that although media can hold some influence. self-pride is non every bit superficial as visual aspect and involves features such as self belief. ego worth. and self assurance. However. there are many other factors that can lend to negative self-esteem. such as non acquiring ‘that promotion’ or ‘rejection from a crush’ ( Reed. et Al. . 2004 ) . Black ( 2004 ) does non disregard the influence of media influences wholly. but states that force per unit areas can come elsewhere. from societal milieus and can be internal ; for illustration ‘wanting’ to make an individuality that happens to be associated with being attractive. Martin ( 2005 ) . here found that pretty theoretical accounts were perceived to be surpassing. popular. merriment. happy. particular and pleasant ; whereas by contrast unattractive theoretical accounts were perceived as being ; awful. chilling. natural state. non happy and engaged in smoke and imbibing. The deduction here is that people would wish to be perceived with features associated with that of the pretty theoretical accounts. as opposed to the unattractive theoretical accounts. Cosmetic merchand ises can assist better and heighten one’s visual aspect and hence assistance in the creative activity of individuality. every bit good as addition ego regard and societal credence ( Reed. et Al. . 2004 ) . This in bend may be helping the growing of the decorative industry and advertisement simply shows consumers what merchandises are available to them. Langmeyer ( 1994. p. 27 ) says that â€Å"Beauty is an effectual sell† ; a point reinforced in the really rubric of Vinikas’ ( 1992 ) work: â€Å"Soft Soap. Hard Sell† . However. although many advertisement runs use glamor to back merchandises. it may be argued that it is non merely glamour that sells. Dive Cosmetics launched a run in 2005 advancing its merchandise scope by really utilizing alleged ‘real women’ as opposed to glamourous theoretical accounts. The adult females used in their run had their organic structures exposed on Television commercials. hoardings and magazines. and their frock sizes ranged from UK frock size 14 onwards. This run proved to be a success with the message being sent to consumers that â€Å"All tegument is beautiful† when attractively moisturised ( Clegg. 2005 ) . The success of this run may hold been due to the fact that ordinary adult females were able to place with the ‘real women’ in the run. who appeared to be confident with their organic structure sizes and forms. This run besides gave adult females the chance to inherit feelings of self credence and â€Å"love the tegument you’re in† ( Clegg. 2005 ) .

The Great Dictator essays

The Great Dictator essays The Great Dictator made in 1940 by Charlie Chaplin was at the time a controversial film because it exposed Nazism and anti-Semitism with both humor and horror. In his film, Chaplin plays the two main characters: Adenoid Hynkel, the tyrannical dictator of Tomania and a Jewish barber persecuted by Storm Troopers in the ghetto. The movie begins in 1918, at the end of the First World War. The Jewish barber is fighting on the franco-german front and in the thick of the battle, inadvertently rescues a pilot and both fly away to safety. Unfortunately, due to their catastrophic landing, the barber looses his memory of the war. Then he is released from the hospital in the late thirties and goes back to work in his barbershop in the ghetto. However, he doesn't know that the soldiers of the Double Cross (instead of a swastika) who persecute and terrorize people are now controlling his town. At one point, he stands up to them and is almost hanged. Fortunately, by a twist of fate, the pilot whom the barber saved in the war becomes one of Hynkel's top men and out of gratitude, orders the Storm Troopers to leave the ghetto alone. Due to his courageous act the barber wins the admiration of a pretty neighbor girl, Hannah. Meanwhile, Hynkel demands the wealthy Jews to fund his invasion on Osterlich and when the Jews refuse, he launches an attack on the ghetto. The barber is then thrown into a concentration camp. Tomanias dictator also holds a meeting with the Dictator of Bacteria, Benzino Napaloni, to discuss the territorial situation in Osterlich. Napaloni holds troops at the border and agrees to remove them only if Hynkel signs the treaty, which he does. When the attack on Osterlich is ready to begin, the barber escapes and is mistaken for Hynkel, leading up to the final and powerful speech. Many of the characters in the film were clearly not entirely fictional, which was one of the main objections from certain political groups in America...

Ethical Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Decision Making Process - Essay Example On one hand, she could choose to pay the customs agent $500 and have the customs process expedited faster. Secondly, Jane could choose to be honest and politely request for her case to be handled on first. The third option would involve being fair to everyone and standing in the queue to wait for her turn. A careful evaluation of each option gives a clear picture of the consequences. In the first option, if Jane chooses to pay the customs agent, she would be committing an irregularity in light of the organizational rules and policies. Such a decision would raise economic, legal and ethical issues that may malign the name of the employer. From an economic standpoint, Jane would be able to earn $1 million to the firm and individual bonuses. Legally, corruption is illegal and punishable under the law and such an action would be illegal. The ethical issues related to corruption are unacceptable. The decision would be immoral. If Jane chooses to be honest and politely request for her case to be handled first, there are no legal issues. Kindly asking people to allow her move faster in the line makes no harm. From an ethical perspective, kindness and honesty are virtues commonly associated with good behavior. The second choice is ethical acceptable. If her request is accepted, the economic benefits described in the first choice will be realized. Thirdly, if Jane chooses to stand in the queue and wait for her turn, the economic benefits described for the first and second options would be lost. The employer would lose $1 million and Jane would not qualify for the bonus payments. The third option has no legal issues and is ethically sound. The action creates no harm to others and is consistent with company policy of ‘being fair to others’. The best alternative would be for Jane to politely and kindly request for her case to be handled first. The ethical intensity of the action prescribed for Jane takes into consideration factors such as the magnitude of

Strategic management developement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic management developement - Essay Example All these resources may become useless unless the organization formulate suitable strategies to exploit it. For example, Apple Inc was on the verge of destruction in 80’s and 90’s because of the loop holes in the strategic management of its business. However, Steve Jobs changed the business strategies of Apple Inc during the latter part of 90’s and at the beginning of 2000. The transformation of Apple Company from a computer company to a consumer electronics company has brought huge success. At present, Apple Inc. is the second largest company in the world in terms of market capitalization and they are the most valuable technology company in the world. At the same time, Microsoft was the leader in IT industry until a couple of years before. Same thing cannot be said about them now. Samsung is another company which was successful in developing suitable business strategies to increase its competitive power in global market. In short, strategic management of busines s is the most important topic in the organizational world at present. This paper analyses various theories with respect to strategic management in general and Porters five Forces Model theory in specific. General Discussion: Strategic Management â€Å"Good strategy is about letting alone and about creating the conditions of innovative adaptations† (Robert and Holt, 2009, p.56). Innovation is the key for organizational success. In the absence of innovative strategies, organizations may struggle to survive in the heavily competitive business world. As mentioned earlier, Apple Inc. is one company which showed the importance of innovation to the business world recently. It should be noted that Nokia was the leader in the mobile phone industry until recent times. They thought that nobody can question their supremacy in the mobile phone industry. Apple proved Nokia wrong. When all the traditional mobile phone manufacturing companies thought about enhancing the features of mobile ph ones, Apple thought differently and developed the touchscreen phone. The entry of iPhone in the mobile phone market caused huge problems to mobile phone manufacturers including Nokia. At present Apple is one among the top two mobile phone manufacturers in the world. In fact Nokia and other mobile phone manufacturers forced to follow the path of Apple. According to De Wit and Meyer (2010), â€Å"the four components of strategy are market opportunity, corporate competence and resources, personal values and aspirations and acknowledged obligations to segments of society other than stakeholders (p.76). Sustainable business practice is gaining grounds at present. It is impossible for modern organizations to excel in the market without showing commitments to corporate social responsibility. Companies which follow unethical business behaviours are blacklisted by the modern consumers. The reputation and brand image of the company is important things for the modern consumers. In short, ethi cal business practices are part of strategic business management at present. â€Å"Since the world is changing rapidly, we can also expect the firm’s strategy to do so. This may involve developing new bases of competitive advantage or completely new lines of business†(Fitzroy and Hulbert, 2004, p.5). Diversification of business is one of the major elements in strategic management. It should be noted that competition is increasing day by day in global market after the introduction of globalization. Along with existing players, new players are also

A SWOT and PESTEL Analysis of EasyJet

A SWOT and PESTEL Analysis of EasyJet 1. Introduction and History A successful example of a European no frills airline is easyJet. Stelios Haji-Ioannou (Greek) founded the company in 1995. It is based on the low-cost, no-frills model of the US carrier Southwest. The concept of easyJet is based on the belief that demands for short-haul air transport is price elastic. That means, if prices for flights are being reduced, more people will fly. Traditionally airline concepts are based on the assumption that airline traffic grows in line with the economy and that cutting prices will only lead to a decrease in revenues. With the introduction of the no-nonsense concept to the European market, after its deregulation in 1992, easyJet has proven this theory wrong and goes from strength to strength by actually increasing the size of the market and more recently by taking away passengers from the majors (see www.easyjet.com for passenger figures, financial data and employee statistics). Today, it offers 125 routes from 39 European Airports (see www.easyjet.com for route launch dates), with Luton, Liverpool, Geneva, Amsterdam as base airports  [1]  and is operating 72 aircrafts (November 2003). November 1995: easyJet starts flights from Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh with to leased Boeing 737-300 with a capacity of 148 seats at a price of  £29 one way. Seats are being sold over telephone reservation system only. In 1996 easyJet takes delivery of its first wholly owned aircraft and goes international with first services to Amsterdam from Luton. One year later easyJet launches its website, easyjet.com which will from 1998 onwards form an integral part of the business concept (and which provides for some 90% of the bookings today  [2]  ). In August 2002 easyJet expands its fleet and routes by acquiring British Airways low-cost subsidiary Go. In October 2002 the airline signs a deal to purchase 120 Airbus, which will facilitate the airlines ongoing growth strategy. Up until now, one of the cornerstones of the easyJets low-cost model has been to operate a single aircraft type fleet which so far has been the Boeing 737 series because uniformity means efficiencies in train ing, maintenance and operating costs. However, easyJets new deal with Airbus is being viewed by the company as stunning as the additional costs, which incur through the new type of aircraft are far outweighed by the financial benefits of this deal. easyJet argues that both Boeing and Airbus aircraft have broadly similar characteristics but that a wider aisle on A319 will make it quicker to embark and disembark, that it has an extra seat on board (150 vs. 149) and that overall the A319 will lower costs by about  10% compared to the current mix of aircraft, which will contribute to lower ticket fares. (See appendix 1 for Stelios Haji-Iannous other easyGroup enterprises). 2. The Mission Statement of easyJet To provide our customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To achieve this will develop our people and establish lasting relationship (see www.easyjet.com) The basis of an organisations mission statement should answer the question What business is the company in? easyJet is doing this by stating that it provides point-to-point air services to its customers. That clearly underlines that easyJet is not in the people or food business, neither in the service business as such, but in the mass-transportation business, and as such its model is based on cost efficiency of the mass-transportation business. Moreover, it reflects several decisions about what kind of air service easyJet wants to provide. Evidently, its focus is on European routes, targeting business and leisure travellers alike. Furthermore, it aims to offer safe, good value transportation. easyJets mission statement also gives information on the How to get there? by putting emphasis on its people and suppliers. What is missing from the statement is the importance of the customers point of view, which could be expressed by saying, for instance, we want to be recognised asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Also, as the mission statement is the bedrock for the marketing plan it should be more quantifiable, as to how much market share easyJet aims to gain in the future, for example. 3. Competitive Analysis In order to analyse the airline industry in detail, it is useful to apply Porters five competitive forces. The threat of substitutes Minimal threat from other modes of transport like train and car on domestic routes. Usually the time and cost advantage of the low-cost carriers far outweigh the increased comfort and flexibility of trains or cars (e.g. on the route Luton/London to Glasgow a train takes around 6 hours and costs around  £80 while a easyJet plane takes just one hour and costs around  £29). On international routes distances are usually too great for car or train to be an alternative to air travel, expect maybe from London to Paris, which can be reached by Euro Star. The threat of new entrants High capital requirements negate threat to some extent. easyJet was started with a loan of  £5 million, with 2 leased aircraft, but required a  £50million investment raised by debt and equity in year two to speed expansion and buy 4 new planes. The UK low-cost market is quite mature in comparison to the rest of Europe and easyJet, as the biggest operator has quite a comfortable position. However, expansion into new European markets might prove more difficult as established; cash strong holiday firms like TUI are setting up their own low-cost operations (see information about Hapag Lloyd Express, www.hlx.com) Lack of take-off and landing slots makes it difficult for new carriers to find suitable airports. Loss leader is required in order to join the low cost market. The power of suppliers The price of aviation fuel is directly related to the cost of oil, as an individual company easyJet does not have the power to alter this. Airplane manufacturers are concentrated in the industry, with Boeing and Airbus providing the majority of commercial planes and with easyJet operating one type of aircraft until recently. easyJets deal with airbus however shows that favourable agreements can still be reached. The dependence on spare parts from one manufacturer could pose a risk. The more easyJet expands the more power it will posses over its suppliers The power of buyers Buyer power within the airline industry and especially the low-cost market is relatively strong, as customers will often shop around for the better price, particularly with the dependence that the low cost airline has on Internet sales. Price discrepancies can be easily found and exploited by the consumer, meaning that the operator must keep a regular check on prices. Need for customer loyalty because of low switching costs Customers have the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) on their side which provides: 1. protection against the consequence of travel organiser failure for people who buy package holidays, charter flights and discounted scheduled air tickets; and 2. licenses airlines and ensures compliance with requirements of European and UK legislation relating to financial resources, liability and insurance of airlines.  [3]   Rivalry among existing firms Ryan air, BMIbaby, MyTravelLite and Buzz are major competitors of easyJet in the UK. Virgin Express, Hapag Lloyd Express, Germanwings and Air Berlin already are or might become competitors in the light of future expansion plans. Ryanair is the only one of these so far to have succeeded and shown a continuous yearly profit (see appendix 2 for financial data). A growing number of tour operators (like Thomas Cook and TUI) are selling air only scheduled seats to reduced prices  [4]  . British Airways and other traditional carriers out of the UK are competitors as well but on a lower scale as they target different market segments (see appendix 3 for more detail). 4. Marketing Mix Price Low price is a key element of the brand. Uses differential pricing; off-peak travelling and booking in advance makes a ticket less expensive. Discounts for tickets booked online. Product no-frills, point-to-point air services also car hire on its website (use of the Internet for bundling products) and links to other easyGroup websites (see appendix 1 for other easyGroup enterprises). Place/distribution Internet booking system (over 90% of bookings). Telephone reservation system. Promotion Highlights its number one position among Europes low-cost airlines (advertising strap line: Size matters!, slogan: the webs favourite airline) Advocates internal marketing, creative work done in-house. No Bullshit approach (Stelios), humorous, attention-catching campaigns (e.g. the giving away of free tickets on Gos inaugural flight and Stelios protesting in a orange boiler suit against an increase of airport fees at Luton in a branch of Barclays bank which owns the airport). 5. SWOT Analysis 5.1. Internal Analysis Strengths Image, differentiation on price and brand. Is financially successful. Is being seen as an innovative and flexible organisation. Has a strong e-business. Is part of the consortium that has been awarded to run UKs air traffic control system (NATS). Weaknesses Has no customer retention policy Has little or no scope outside of Europe. Lack of service, flexibility and business focus (such as frequent flyer programmes e.g.) make the low-cost model unappealing for most business travellers. The two drivers of growth, the focus on price and the focus on convenience (frequent flights, few connections, more nearby airports e.g.) are reaching their natural limits. Differentiation from there remains to be difficult. easyJets own success makes it difficult to recruit and train staff quickly enough. 5.2 External Analysis Opportunities Experts predict great potential for future growth in the next years (see appendix 4). The current recession is favourable as people and businesses are more cost-conscious. More full-service airlines may withdraw from the regional market to focus on more profitable long-haul routes leaving the market to the low-cost operators. The short-breaks market, an important market for easyJet grows more rapidly than the UK travel market as a whole  [5]  . Reduced aircraft prices Threats Difficulties to expand as viable new routes from London are scarce. Competition is likely to intensify, given the saturated market and the shortage of other options  [6]  . Increased competition is likely to lead to greater difficulties in demanding incentives from communities, like the very low fees easyJet received at Luton  [7]  . Companies cut on business travel in times of economic downturn and because of new time-consuming security measures travel substitutes like videoconferencing are introduced  [8]  . 6. Situational Analysis easyJet seems to be positioned very well with experts predicting excellent growth opportunities for the low cost-sector. Given the saturated market and the shortage of other options in the UK, competition is likely to intensify inevitably followed by consolidation, an early sign of which is easyJets purchase of GO. The UK market offers little growth opportunity, therefore concentration will be on the continental market, a step forward in this direction is setting up a major new base at Berlin, with flights from 11 European cities  [9]  , and possibly as well on Eastern Europe. Focus remains on pricing Strategy and expansion of its route network. Promotion needs to persuade people that it is safe to fly and establish easyJet as Europes largest low-cost carrier (as easyJet is already doing in its advertisement: Size matters!) 7. PEST Analysis Marketing Plan PEST analysis for easyJet for the next 5 years The following factors are likely to have an influence on the airline industry and should therefore be taken into account when formulating a Marketing Plan for easyJet. Politico-legal factors Threat of war in the Middle East The Air Miles scheme is not considered as a taxable perk by the government in the way that company cars are taxed which may change to allow easyJet to compete on more equal grounds with the likes of BA. A EU east-enlargement may provide access to viable, new markets. Economic factors Likelihood of increasing fuel costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions, as well as the prospect of higher security and insurance costs to reflect the risk of terrorism. As the recession is likely to last for some more time, business travellers will keep an eye on their travel expenses. Globalisation should continue to boost traffic in the long-term. The introduction of the single currency in Europe is likely to bring more business to easyJet as Europe becomes more integrated. Socio-cultural factors To win over the French and German publics might cause problems as there appears still to be a general reluctance to use credit cards over the phone and Internet  [10]  . The public are general quite friendly to the prospect of cheap flights. However they may feel begrudged where they see promotions found in newspapers where flight are for  £10 only to find that the actual cost is much higher for the particular time or day they wish to fly on. Technological factors A key issue will be the extent to which technological advancements such as the use of the Internet on distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation can offset upward pressures on prices and costs. easyJet has to keep track of technological developments in the field of e-commerce and aircraft manufacture in order to gain a competitive advantage. 8. Conclusion 8.1 Strategic issues facing the airline industry The face of aviation is gradually evolving. The long-standing problems of the industry in the form of large numbers of network carriers and substantial over-capacity in many markets were exacerbated by the events of September 11th (see appendix 5 for a post-Sept. 11th overview). This is likely to pave the way for some acceleration in the process of airline restructuring and consolidation. Experts believe that there is not room for the current multitude of carriers in Europe, and that these will eventually be whittled down to three or four major airlines, with the others absorbed or restructured to focus more on regional traffic. This also represents an opportunity for no-frills carriers to increase their market share. Along with this, some restructuring of the industrys complex and outdated regulatory system will be required. In the longer term, trend growth may itself slow gradually as the big air travel markets mature. In addition, falling yields, which have boosted air travel growth in the past, cannot be relied upon to persist, at least at the rate they have for the past decade or so. If cost trends are less favourable for example because of increasing fuel costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions, as well as the prospect of higher security and insurance costs to reflect the risks of terrorism the scope for lower yields would be less, and this might reduce future growth trends. A key issue will be the extent to which favourable cost trends such as the impact of the Internet on distribution costs and cost synergies from industry consolidation can offset these upward pressures on prices and costs. The full-service airlines, saddled with big networks and strongly unionised workforces, cannot easily embrace the management strategies of the no-frills airlines. Moreover, their scope for de fensive mergers is limited by competition policy. The ability of international airlines to expand is limited by ownership restrictions (In the US foreigners cannot own more than 25% of a national airline, in the EU the restriction is 49%  [11]  ). The no-frills market within Europe is immature relative to that of the US. The sector accounts for only around 5% of all intra European capacity, though the share is much higher in the UK domestic market and on services between the UK and Europe, closer to 20%. Further strong growth is expected over the next 2-3 years as new operations start up, and new destinations are added to the existing carriers networks. However as the UK market becomes saturated, these carriers are likely to focus their development at continental European hubs. The experience of the US market suggests that deregulation will be followed by industry consolidation. So far there has been limited progress in this direction but many are viewing the current crisis as the catalyst necessary to completely restructure the European airline industry . In the US the industry has consolidated into seven major carriers, which carry over 80% of passenger traffic of US airlines. Europe is far more fragmented with the equivalent figure for the seven European majors at only 47%  [12]  . 8.2 easyJets Future easyJet has to consider whether it should respond to new entrants by ceding niche-segments or by competing aggressively on price, routes and service in an attempt to drive the entrant out of the market. To make the strategic decision market research on the size of different combinations of pricing and service is needed. easyJet also needs to know how much it costs the competitor to serve, and how much capacity the competitor has for, every route in question. Finally, the new entrants competitive objectives are of relevance to anticipate how it would respond to any strategic moves easyJet might make. By obtaining these information residual uncertainty would be limited, and the incumbent airline would be able to build a confident business case around its strategy  [13]  . It is advisable that easyJet targets mainly leisure travellers as business often demand frequent flights to a wide range of destinations, seek quality service and frequent flyer programmes, and are willing to pay a premium for these benefits. Also, trying to appeal to widely different customer needs runs counter to the overall trend in service industries, in which distinctive approaches, tailored to different customers, have generally come to dominate  [14]  . No real opportunity offers the long-haul business as it is very different, both technically and in customer needs, to short-haul travel. easyJet should continue to focus on price and attempt to connect the dots in its network, which cost less than opening new cities. Thereby, it needs to make sure that a growth in its network and fleet does not lead to higher operating costs. It should also consider putting more emphasis on direct marketing by e.g. introducing a customer retention scheme. To differentiate its brand further on promotional lines, easyJet could introduce a CRM (cause related marketing) scheme, developing a reputation for being a caring airline, e.g. by selling shares in forest help programmes over its website, collect ing foreign currency on flights for charity etc., thereby giving its passengers a sense of psychological comfort and well-being  [15]  when they choose to fly with easyJet. Overall, easyJet has to develop a realistic and accurate assessment of the market-niche to be served. A relentless commitment to quality service and cost control is as important as the discipline to establish a growth plan (see www.easyJet.com for easyJet product life cycle and marketing strategy). (Word count 3,144) Appendices Appendix 1 Under the easy brand Stelios Haji-Iannou has furthermore established and Internet car rental service (easyRentacar), a chain of Internet cafes (easyEverything), a financial services site (easyMoney), a portal site for bargains on the net (easyValue) and a free e-mail service (easy.com). In all his ventures he is using yield management to extract the ideal margin from each customer  [16]  and keep costs down. Furthermore, yield management can help to better use price in the marketing mix to best reach the most customers  [17]  . However, there are no cross-shareholdings between easyJet and these other easyGroup companies. easyJey operates independently from the other companies although some cross-marketing agreements do exist. Also, results of the non-airline businesses have been mixed as they have lost  £75m in three years  [18]  . Appendix 2 Profit for Ryanair April September 2002 Year-on-year increase 151m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ( £96m) 71% Source: Tran, M. (2002)  [19]   See http://www.ryanair.com/download/morganjune.pdf for actual data. Appendix 3 Compare Airline Traffic Data (Europe) Air Transport World http://www.atwonline.com/Pdf/worldairlinereport_2002.pdf Appendix 4 The airline market is currently being re-shaped by the expansion of existing low-cost airlines. It has been estimated that they will expand their European market share from 5% to 25% by 2010, establishing themselves on a long-term basis. (Source: International Travel News (2003), available on http://www.internettravelnews.com/article/20223 Friday, 28th November 2003) Low-cost airlines are gearing up to take large chunks out of their rivals. In a decade, low-cost airlines may be the dominant form of air travel in Europe. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In Europe, no-frills travel accounts for only 5% of European air travel, but it is likely to grow to claim a 12-15% share in the next decade. (Source: BBC News (2002), available on http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2038192.stm; Friday, 28th November 2003)

Biguine French Movie Review

Title-Biguine Director- Jacques Boumedil Year- 2005 Type- Drama Main actors: Micheline Mona and Max Telephe 1) The main characters granddaughter narrates the story over the radio. Hermansia and Tiquitaque travel to St-Pierre with a group of other plantation workers looking for a new life and they come to a cliff and see the volcano and the harbor. They walk around the city amazed by urban the atmosphere. They are particularly interested in the jewelry and other material goods that are sold in the city center. 2) Hermansia – Hermansia is a black plantation worker who moves to St-Pierre to pursue her passion to be a singer.At first she is reluctant to embrace the city but eventually her music becomes popular and up lifts her community. Her lyrics capture her desire to live life to the fullest and rise up from the oppression the black community faces from that French and Europeans on the island. Tiquitaque- Tiquitaque is Hermansia’s husband and is also a musician. He is ex cited to be in a new city but disappointed that wealthy individuals will not hire him and his wife to perform at their social functions. The upper class does not like the rural black music that the two play, especially the drums which were popular among the slaves in the plantations.However, Tiquitaqu learns to play the clarinet and develops his own style of music that is popular among the upper class and lower class alike. The Creole music is high tempo and inspires movement and dance. 3) The film takes place in St-Pierre, Martinique. 4) At first Hermansia and Tiquitaque are not successful as musicians so Hermansia works as a maid and Tiquitaque works on the docks. Hermansia buys Tiquitaque a clarinet and he develops his own style of music and is hired play at parties. At these parties he normally would play the waltz and polka and other European style music.Tiquitaque starts to play a style of Creole on his clarinet that inspires people around the town and unites their communities . Their Creole music, he and his wife perform at cabarets, which symbolizes freedom for the repressed lower class people. People start to enjoy the music and whites and blacks come together to dance. Their music becomes extremely popular in the city. At the end of the movie, the volcano next to the city erupts and symbolizes the new culture that is developing in Martinique in the ninetieth century. 5) Overall, I did not enjoy this film because the plot was not well developed and the movie didn’t have any action.The majority of the movie was listening to the couple sing. Although, the music was beautiful the movie did not have much substance. Therefore, I would not recommend this movie to anyone. 6) I learned a lot about Martinique’s culture while watching this movie. I saw many landmarks in the city of St-Pierre including the volcano. I also listened to Creole music for the first time and I enjoyed its upbeat rhythm. Additionally, Martinique was French colony in the ni netieth century and its main export was sugar. Thus, many slaves where brought from Africa to work on the plantations, which resulted in a large black community on the island.

Case Study of a Cross-Cultural Organization

Organizational Behavior Final: Clayton J. Ollarvia [email  protected] com Organizational Behavior October 4, 2012 Looking into Nestle S. A and its disconnect with Cross-cultural communication and decisions Nestle SA is a Swiss Company engaged in the nutrition, health and wellness sectors. It is the holding company of the Nestle Group, which comprises subsidiaries, associated companies and joint ventures throughout the world. It has such business units as Food and Beverage, Nestle Waters and Nestle Nutrition. It is also active in the pharmaceutical sector.It divides its products into Powdered and liquid beverages, Water, Milk products and Ice cream, Nutrition, Prepared dishes and cooking aids, Confectionery, PetCare and Pharmaceutical products. The Nestle Group is managed by geographies (Zones Europe, Americas and Asia/Oceania/Africa) for most of the food and beverage  business, with the exceptions of Nestle Waters, Nestle Nutrition, Nestle Purina Petcare, Nespresso, Nestle Profes sional and Nestle Health Science which are managed on a global basis – these we call the Globally Managed Businesses. We also have joint ventures such as Cereal Partners Worldwide and Beverage Partners Worldwide.In regards to the operations elsewhere, Nestle USA caters to cravings on this side-of-the-Atlantic, from a child's sweet tooth to a grown-up's caffeine fix. The company is a major subsidiary of Swiss food  giant  Nestle S. A. Nestle USA  produces hundreds of well-known food brands, including frozen pizza (Tombstone, DiGiorno), chocolate and candies (Baby Ruth, Goobers), beverages (Nestea, Taster's Choice,  Nesquick), juices (Juicy Juice), canned milk (Carnation), ice cream (Edy's, Haagan-Dazs), baking goods (Nestle Toll House, Libby's), and prepared  meals (Stouffer's, Lean Cuisine). http://www. hoovers. com/company/Nestl%E9_USA_Inc/cysfyi-1. html Specifically where I see Nestle could benefit from understanding some of the Organizational Behavior practices i s in the realm of (cross-cultural) decision making and in Personality Traits. Nestle needs to recognize how to make decisions based upon more than just sales goals. A common definition of  decision-making  is the process of choosing a course of action for dealing with a problem or an opportunity. Schermerhorn, John R. (11/2011).Organizational Behavior, 12th Edition [1] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://online. vitalsource. com/books/9781118426319/id/L9-1-1 One of the biggest problems with Nestle is that it is indeed a global company. A majority of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents and senior staff all reside in Switzerland and travel inconsistently to other countries and regions. This traveling issue makes it hard for management to be able to effectively know how to 1. Communicate with others in other countries and 2. Understand the differences in cultural mores from country to country.Moreover things that affect the economy in the Eastern countries does not effect the west. However, more than likely they expect things to work in similar if not the same ways from culture to culture and economy to economy. What this problem lends itself to is a lack of cross cultural management and ability to understand the proper ways to address other cultures. Although those of the Swiss culture tend to be very manner-able and well liked, often times we would find them somewhat unrelenting and slightly rude on conference calls and communications.A large faction of what I saw was miscues from managers not being able to communicate across different ethnic and cultural lines. This was even more evident with regional managers having to disseminate information to retail operations across the border and into other geographies. After going through all of our upcoming TCO’s I would like to investigate how given an understanding of the communication process and given specific incidents of cross-cultural communication problems, I plan to develop a strategy for improving organizational performance through the improvement of cross cultural management process. Nestle should first look at adopting a very extensive guide to cross cultural awareness * All managers should be privy to cross cultural communication programs to ensure compliance with cultural guidelines At the beginning of every cross-cultural management process is an encounter between two or more members of different cultures. In this encounter both participants communicate, watch, and react to  each other’s behavior. This behavior and communication is often not interpreted in the correct way, but according to the cultural program of the observer.Because it is dif? cult to understand the other’s thinking, interpretation is often wrong and does not allow insights into the attitudes and values of  the communicators or interactions. Culture can best be described through three main concepts: values, attitudes, and behavior. All three signify culture and allow us to di fferentiate from other cultures. A survey of current literature consistently indicates that the contemporary business context is globally interdependent and interconnected.It further demonstrates that corporate leaders should provide opportunities for their managers in international assignments to learn cross-cultural business etiquette in order that they will excel in their interpersonal relationship overseas. (Sizoo, 2007, p. 84) Being that Nestle has so many plants, locations and does business in over 100 countries worldwide, one could argue that it would be essential to have multi cultural norms and ethics guidelines. Throughout my tenure, the main focus of the organization was to produce sales based upon projections from Head Quarters.This can be problematic seeing as expectations for sales is not weighted based upon the social economy. Cross-cultural misunderstandings often have some seemingly deep roots. Even if we speak with people in English and communicate directly what we intend to say, the message comes across differently than anticipated. Recognizing the need for a Nestle cultural program would be a dif? cult task. Most people are born and bred in a very particular cultural environment, they can only perceive and understand the world, their deeds, and counterparts’ reactions through their very own cultural perspective.This perspective is a strong ? lter through which most people understand, interpret, and process information in a particular way. And in most cases, these same people do not recognize this ? lter. Our own culture and way of doing business seems sovereignly logical and â€Å"normal† that we can hardly think of a better or different way of doing things and managing in ? rms. I would argue that this view is also true for managers who grew up on the other side of the world; they have their own (very logical and often very successful) ideas about how to do business.A good portion of cross cultural misunderstandings come from how people think and feel about other cultures, which I would argue is made up generally of stereotypes. Stereotypes are generalisations help us to simplify, classify and in general attempt to make sense of the world. They occur when we infer qualities about a person based on evidence of a single characteristic. For example, we may assume that because someone is Hindu that they work in the IT department. This assumption is likely to be based on our previous experience of people with Hindu people or from information we have gathered from the media or other people.The problem is of course that stereotypes do not always apply. It is certainly not the case that all Hindu people work in information technology. We are most likely to hold stereotypes about groups of people who we do not perceive to be like us and of whom we have limited experience. It is essential for a company the size and with as much reach as Nestle to be able to understand the negative aspects of both behaviors of cro ss-cultural misunderstandings and avoid stereotypes and learn how to cross-culturally manage both organizationally and or on the institutional level.I would argue that this means having enough awareness of both their host culture and their home culture to be able to make correct managerial decisions regarding its organization’s work force, its commercial markets, the community in which it operates, and the country, which is its host. A good example of Nestle’s non-understanding of cross cultural awareness is the all but forgotten Nestle Infant Nutrition scandal of the 1970’s. Here Nestle sent several of its work-force into third world countries in order to push their infant nutrition.Now at the time the formula was doing well in countless other countries and was practically flying off the shelves. However, one of the KEY necessities for the formula was for it to be added to water. Being that at the time no one in Switzerland chose to know enough about these thir d world locations to see that the water that they had access to was wildly polluted and all but poisonous to small children. If Nestle had taken steps in preparing managers for multinational assignments, they would have been abreast of cultural sensitivity, understanding the importance of maintaining business relationships, and impression management.They should be informed about the complexities in international cultures and human resources management The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of â€Å"yes† varies from â€Å"maybe, I'll consider it† to â€Å"definitely so,† with many shades in between. (http://www. pbs. org/ampu/crosscult. html) This theory alone is what makes having a viable and understandable guidelines for multi-cul tural communication.We will admit that the difficulty in crafting such a document would be not only time consuming but also, extremely tiring as in order to create such guidelines one would have to familiarize themselves with hundreds of different cultures at any given time, however I would argue that a successful guidelines would not just solely be based on the specific interactions of each country but instead be focused on a general understanding of how managers and ALL employees should seek to treat each other across local, national and especially international lines.The critical process of making decisions, reaching mutual agreements, and building consensus has taken a new dimension because of differences in business etiquette and ethical practices. Cross-cultural awareness skills and interpersonal negotiation competence are a pre-requisite to effective management of a multination workforce. (Okoro, 2012, p. 132) Cross-cultural awareness encourages the recognition of cultural di fferences while also noting similarities through which communication, understanding and relationships can be forged. The following points reflect the value of gaining a stronger sense of cross-cultural awareness:Reduces misunderstandings and enhances trust †¢ Understanding and trust can be deepened when each government is more aware of how its and the other government’s cultural background influence their perceptions, values and decisions. Aids in planning, setting goals and problem solving †¢ Each organization can plan and problem solve more effectively as they will be more attentive to what is important to them and the other party Communication, though variously defined, generally describes a process by which information is exchanged among two or more people in a given context.Ultimately, this process of exchanging information is bound by a purpose: that is, to reduce uncertainty and develop a common understanding among the participants (Kawar, 2012). Cross Cultur al communication is another area that I believe Nestle could greatly benefit from on a global scale. Not all too dissimilar to that of awareness communication allows you to take what you know via that of awareness and be able to translate those things into how you speak and interact with you clients worldwide.Success or failure in managing a diverse or multicultural workforce largely depends on the ability of managers to communicate effectively with people from different backgrounds and nationalities. International business is the outgrowth of globalization, which is driven primarily by economic interdependency and advances in technology, but the success in global business ventures will be affected by the inability of international managers to understand appropriate business etiquette, customs, and values needed to conduct business among nations of the world. (Okoro, 2012, p. 132)Okoro assesses that management and communication scholars have consistently argued that the success of m anagers on international assignments depends largely on effective cross-cultural communication. Because of its importance, a number of high-growth organizations competing globally make a conscious effort to hire multi-lingual people from varied cultural backgrounds and nationalities. Here in particular is a place of great opportunity for Nestle to grow fundamentally. Having a manager in play that is already familiar with the customs and languages of the area is vitally important to the success and overall outcome of the business.Now the issue comes into play is that while Nestle does have staff all around the world in numerous countries that are indigenous to those specific areas, they still have a strong expectation and in some ways an imposing will on those people. How does that affect the communication process? Well If in any given country it is impolite to wags one finger as they speck yet that practice is customary in Switzerland, that in and about itself makes for very difficu lt deliberations. Cross- cultural communications problems may occur if all individuals within a team do not use the same language, nor norms.In these situations, for ease of communication, the team often chooses a common language that they can use for group communications. Communication differences between individuals can occur on several different levels but for the sake of consistency I will use the finger example I used in the previous paragraph: Gestures form a significant part of methods of communication. However, there are few if any universal gestures. Non-verbal behaviours or ‘body language' vary considerably from one culture to another.For example, a high level of eye contact is considered a sign of attentiveness in some cultures and a sign of rudeness in others. In some cultures individuals are encouraged to express their emotions openly, while in others openly demonstrating feelings is discouraged. These differences in body language can lead to misunderstandings bet ween people of different cultural backgrounds. Norms are culturally defined rules for determining acceptable and appropriate behavior (Okoro) They include those that govern social situations and conversational routines such as greetings, making requests, and expressing various emotions.In intercultural communication interlocutors may be tempted to transfer their cultural norms to contexts that are not appropriate In conjunction with this Sizoo states that, while some organizations recognize the importance of international business, training and development programs often deal inadequately with the potential conflicts that result from cross-cultural interactions. Too often this training addresses only the cognitive level–focusing on the dos and don’ts. When managers pursue careers in international business they must prepare for a life in a foreign cognitive, affective, and behavior context.That preparation must include learning cross-cultural considerations intellectual ly, emotionally, and experientially. I believe that Sizoo’s outline for effective communication training is as outlined. I. Cross Cultural Interview II. Handling a Cross Cultural Event With Cross Cultural interviews the gist of it is each participant interviews one foreigner who is from a culture different from his or her own, and whom he or she has never met before. This exercise provides experience and builds skills at the first two levels of cross-cultural management, self and interpersonal.This orientation into cultural norms will help management better decipher different cultures and how to break the ice. I have seen the contrary of this especially within Nestle in the early stages of my career. In two distinctly different interactions with management I was told, once that my manager had never worked with an African American man and that he needed to adjust how he communicated since there may be a barrier between us. In a different interaction another manager, while spea king with an Asian coworker said hey I love Chinese food, can you make any by yourself.Having to initiate and manage an interaction with foreign stranger addresses the emotional challenges of developing cross-cultural expertise. With handling cross-cultural events Sizoo states that, each cultural incident describes a realistic cross-cultural misunderstanding, four plausible explanations for the misunderstanding, and an evaluation of each explanation. In this activity trainees discuss and demonstrate the cross-cultural incidents. The emphasis is on having participants project themselves into the scenario so they â€Å"experience† the cultural conflict motionally as well as intellectually. This type of training could be paramount in helping managers overcome communication problems that may arise while dealing with a cross-cultural organization. I use the example of the formula debacle once again here. I would argue that although no one could have readily predicted that such a t ragedy would have occurred, if managers were trained on how to defuse problems culturally then I would argue that the explosion of public opinion would not have happened.Being amply prepared to deal with cultures is one of the key fundamental necessities of any successful business. Now while Nestle was able to eventually recover if people had been trained in this process a bit earlier than, again perhaps things would not have escalated to the points that they did. Through this process managers would learn how to accept the virtual inevitability of making some cross-cultural errors, but not to accept repeating the errors. They would also learn that errors in appropriate behavior are far worse than mere inability to speak the host country language.The participants further learn to strategically recover in such situations and soon afterwards seek out explanation of their cross-cultural error from a member of the host culture. The key take away with this exercise is that management lear ns how to develop and over time eventually master communicating cross-culturally in hostile environments. Within the cross-cultural news portion of the exercise, managers would be required to find a newspaper or magazine article that describes an American work organization adapting, or having difficulty in adapting, to the culture of a foreign country.Participants present an analysis of the cross-cultural differences to the group as a whole and explain why the American organization was successful or unsuccessful in resolving its cross-cultural differences. This allows for managers to get firsthand experience of a similar company to Nestle (ideally) and analyze some of the struggles that they are currently experiencing. This first hand ensures that managers will be able to not only potentially defuse similar situations in the future but even potentially understand the communication process in order to better facilitate a smoother transition to other cultures.In cross-cultural communi cation, anxiety and uncertainty are heightened by cultural variability. If the differences between cultures are profound, anxiety and uncertainty would increase when members of the different cultural groups engage in cross-cultural communication. In the same way that theories such as The Theory of Communicative Competence (as described by T. A. McCarthy) suggests that cross-cultural norms practices etc should be taught in schools, is the same was one could argue that cross-cultural communication should be taught by all those organizations, similar to Nestle that have offices all other across the globe.With both of these initiatives I would think that Nestle would be able to propel itself by leaps and bounds over cross-cultural boundaries. And yes to be honest Nestle has moved to rectify SOME of the issues outlined in this expose, however again I do believe that there does still exist some behavior and speech that is not conducive to the cross-cultural atmosphere. 1. Schermerhorn, Jo hn R. (11/2011). Organizational Behavior, 12th Edition [1] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://online. vitalsource. com/books/9781118426319 2. Sizoo, S. , Serrie, H. & Shapero, M. (2007). Revisiting a Theory-Supported Approach to Teaching Cross-Cultural Management Skills. Journal Of Teaching In International Business,18(2/3), 83-99. doi:10. 1300/J066v18n02_0 3. Okoro, E. (2012). Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business: Toward a Strategic Framework for Managing Corporate Expansion. International Journal Of Business & Management,  7(16), 130-138. doi:10. 5539/ijbm. v7n16p130 4. Kawar, T. (2012). Cross-cultural Differences in Management. International Journal Of Business & Social Science,  3(6), 105-111.